Appendix

• Cyber warfare (CyW). Any act intended to compel an opponent to fulfill our national will, executed against the software controlling processes within an opponent‘s system. CyW includes the following modes of cyber attack: cyber infiltration, cyber manipulation, cyber assault, and cyber raid.
• Cyber infiltration (CyL). Penetration of the defenses of a software-controlled system such that the system can be manipulated, assaulted, or raided.
• Cyber manipulation (CyM). Following infiltration, the control of a system via its software, which leaves the system intact, then uses the capabilities of the system to do damage. For example, using an electric utility‘s software to turn off power.
• Cyber assault (CyA). Following infiltration, the destruction of software and data in the system, or attack on a system that damages the system capabilities. Includes viruses and overload of systems through email (email overflow).
• Cyber raid (CyR). Following infiltration, the manipulation or acquisition of data within the system, which leaves the system intact, results in transfer, destruction, or alteration of data. For example, stealing email or taking password lists from a mail server.
• Cyber attack. See CyL, CyM, CyA, or CyR.
• Cyber crime (CyC). Cyber attacks without the intent to affect national security or to further operations against national security.
• Intentional cyber warfare attack (IA). Any attack through cyber-means to intentionally affect national security (cyber warfare) or to further operations against national security. Includes cyber attacks by unintentional actors prompted by intentional actors. (Also see, "unintentional cyber warfare attack.")
• Intentional cyber actors (I-actors). Individuals intentionally prosecuting cyber warfare (cyber operators, cyber troops, cyber warriors, cyber forces).
• Unintentional cyber actors (U-actors). Individuals who unintentionally attack but affect national security and are largely unaware of the international ramifications of their actions. Unintentional actors may be influenced by I-actors but are unaware they are being manipulated to participate in cyber operations. U-actors include anyone who commits CyL, CyM, CyA, and CyR without intent to affect national security or to further operations against national security. This group also includes individuals involved in CyC, journalists, and industrial spies. The threat of journalists and industrial spies against systems including unintentional attacks caused by their CyL efforts should be considered high.
• Unintentional cyber warfare attack (UA). Any attack through cyber-means, without the intent to affect national security (cyber crime)